Planning Fallacy

The theory suggests that we people set goals while expecting to be all optimistic and underestimating the time needed.

The real life examples of planning fallacy are:
1. The Opera House was almost delayed by a decade and completed in 1973 and leading to cost of $102 millions.
2.Denver International Airport opened 6 months later than expected.
3.Berlin Brandenburg Airport is expected to completed in 2021 after 15 years of planning and it's construction began in 2006.

The best way to get  what you want from the time is making of implementation statements which works on the implementation intentions process given by scientist Peter Gollwitzer.

IMPLEMENTATION STATEMENT
The implementation statement are the statements in which the time. place, duration and of the particular task is defined which reduces the chances of the task not be performed.

Example: The putting of shoes in near the door or the wearing of the gym clothes in the night before to go the gym in the morning increases the chances of going to the gym.

Sample: I will to _______  (name of task) at _______ (location) for _______ (duration) on_______(time).

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
Have a go get it attitude you will achieve it all.

SMILE SMILE SMILE AND SMILE

The smile is one which unites us bring us together.

When 99.7 Americans agree that a smile is an important social asset, according to the research conducted by the American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry. This means one should be in the business of perfecting smiles.

A good morning message from an unexpected person can bring a smile and as our title suggests that one should smile, smile, smile, and smile.

We like people who smile as this simile conveys acceptance by others psychologically which is more effective rather than just frowning.

The top trending videos on any video streaming platform contains dozens of smiles which be either of a baby giggling on funny sounds or making them.

Smiling is an innate feature of humans and appears in 2-12 hours of birth says Daniel McNeil, author of The Face: A Natural History.

McNeil finds that there is a phenomenon known as the 'smile leniency effect'. ''Courtroom judges are likely to find smilers and non-smilers guilty but give lighter penalties to smilers''.

Passing a smile while meeting for the first time or anytime or while wishing someone makes you more likable and more interesting being the person who is in the center of the group. The one who smiles the most becomes the center of the group as he\she conveys the message that he\she likes your company and enjoy the time which is spent with you.

Happiness is the emotion which is spread the fastest in all. The spreading of emotions is a shorter period of time from person to person is known as 'emotional contagion'. And this feature makes happiness is also the property of groups not of individuals only.

 WORLD HAPPINESS INDEX is the measure the happiness of the countrymen of any nation.
The spread of emojis is the new world of happiness in the digital world. Positivity attracts humans.

The state of being happy is choice so choose to be happy instead of the conditions. Don't yourself from others because the grass is always greener on the other side. So be happy and choose to be happy to do that smile.

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES

The greatest pleasure people can feel is giving happiness to others.

DO THIS TO RULE IN ANY RELATIONSHIP

The relationship is between the two persons who share some interests. This lead to a common bond between the two.

The relationships is one of the main pillar of the life others are health and wealth if any human lacks anyone of them at a given time his/her life seems to be unstable.

Let me tell you an interesting fun fact : 

We can have only 150 friends at one time. Robin Dunbar,  Dunbar Number

The relationships are made by contribution of eachother into it and the more valuable you are the more you are respected. This is what we all know . But there is one another  thing which lead you to gain more respect in a relationship .

Be more valuable, be more contributing member in a relationship, but be more careless also at times.

As you have heard also where you visits more often the lesser you are respected there so be the one who visits less or care less about the relationship.

Inspirational Quotes :

 Don't push your relationship with a person too hard, if its meant to be then it will happen.

MICROSOFT WORD SHORTCUTS

MICROSOFT WORD SHORTCUTS

Press SHIFT+F3 to quickly change from uppercase lowercase 

If I could live again my life

ADVICE BY AN 85 YEARS OLD

If I could live again my life Jorge Luis Borges 

“If I could live again my life,
In the next – I’ll try,
- to make more mistakes,
I won’t try to be so perfect,
I’ll be more relaxed,
I’ll be more full – than I am now,
In fact, I’ll take fewer things seriously,
I’ll be less hygienic,
I’ll take more risks,
I’ll take more trips,
I’ll watch more sunsets,
I’ll climb more mountains,
I’ll swim more rivers,
I’ll go to more places – I’ve never been,
I’ll eat more ice creams and less lima beans,
I’ll have more real problems – and less imaginary ones,
I was one of those people who live
prudent and prolific lives -
each minute of his life,
Of course that I had moments of joy – but,
if I could go back I’ll try to have only good moments,

If you don’t know – that’s what life is made of,
Don’t lose the now!

I was one of those who never goes anywhere
without a thermometer,
without a hot-water bottle,
and without an umbrella and without a parachute,

If I could live again – I will travel light,
If I could live again – I’ll try to work bare feet
at the beginning of spring till the end of autumn,
I’ll ride more carts,
I’ll watch more sunrises and play with more children,
If I have the life to live – but now I am 85,
- and I know that I am dying …”

Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1996)

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
Fill your life with experiences not things. Have stories to tell not stuff to show. ~Unknown

YOUTUBE SHORTCUTS

Shortcut for YOUTUBE

K or SPACEBAR  for pause 

L for seeking to right for 10 seconds

J for seeking to left for 10 seconds

↑ for volume up

↓ for volume down

SHORTCUTS TO MAKE BROWSING EASY

Computer Short Cut Tricks

 1. Alt+D or Ctrl+L: move the cursor into the address bar.
  Hold down the Ctrl key and press the + or  - to increase and decrease the size of the text. Ctrl+0 will reset the text.

  2. backspace key or press Alt key + left arrow: to go back a page.

  3. F5 or Ctrl+R: to refresh or reload a web page.

  4. F11: to make the Internet browser screen full screen. Press F11 again to return to the normal view.

  5. Ctrl+B: to open your Internet bookmarks.

 6. Ctrl+F: to open the find box to search for text on the web page you are reading.

NO NAME FOLDER

CREATE FOLDER WITH NO NAME

1. This can be done with any file, folder or you create a new file or folder
2. Right click on it, select 'Rename' or simply press 'F2'
3. Press and hold the 'Alt' key. While holding the Alt key, type numbers '0160' from the numpad
4. Type the numbers '0160' from the numpad.
5. Press Enter and the nameless file or folder will be created.

This Week's Top Stories About Period

TOP STORY ABOUT PERIOD

This week's top story about the period is that the BEST  SHORT DOCUMENTARY OSCAR AWARD is given to the Indian documentary PERIOD. END OF SENTENCE  with an IMDb rating of 7.4.

This is the saga which is the problem in India which is avoiding the use of sanitary pads in rural India. This story is set in the Hapur Tehsil of Ghaziabad district of Uttar Pradesh. Women in the state develop a biodegradable sanitary pad which is self-produced only by the women of the state. As the aim of the women is to promote the usage of the low-cost biodegradable sanitary pad named as FLY.

The name of the sanitary pad itself shows the aim of women to help out the women. The usage of sanitary pad FLY avoids the problem faced by the women in the menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle of the women sometimes leads to leaving school in their teenage as there was no solution to this problem. The sanitary pad machine invented by Arunachalam Muruganantham (real padman or menstrual man ) which is serving as the income generation way for the women in the Hapur tehsil.

The problem still exists in Indian society and yet waiting to be eradicated by the society itself and work should be done by the society itself. The period is a topic still not discussed in a family not even between the mother and daughter in India then how the girl child can express her emotions and pain to his brother or father especially in India. The period the so-called taboo thing should be discussed in the family and the school too which will help the girl child to overcome the fear. If such an important topic cannot be discussed in the family then how can the society can engender to a new society where the women of India is having full freedom. Then how can a girl ask for condoms on a medical shop for protection or sanitary pads? or discuss her sex life or living in a relationship in which is hidden by her or the boyfriend she had for many years and love him more than herself?

Inspirational Quotes:

"Every human being needs something to stand up to and fight against. If you run away or protect your own hide, you're bound to go soft and rot away. You've got to keep fighting, or else you'll ruin yourself." - Alita, Battle Angel Alita Vol. 4

Inspirational Quotes

 INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES

1. You need to go from wanting to change your life to decide to change your life” - Jen Sincero

2.

"Every human being needs something to stand up to and fight against. If you run away or protect your own hide, you're bound to go soft and rot away. You've got to keep fighting, or else you'll ruin yourself." - Alita, Battle Angel Alita Vol. 4

3.

“Reasonable things will never bring you joy as much as unreasonable ones do.” ―Zainab T. Khan

4.

''Some people believe in luck or karma. They certainly exist, but only for those who have the mindset to see them.” - Marc Benioff


5

          Do not take life too seriously. You will never get out of it alive. ~Elbert Hubbard

6
Fill your life with experiences not things. Have stories to tell not stuff to show. ~Unknown


7

When you find yourself on the side of the masses, it’s time to pause and reflect. ~Henry David Thoreau

8.
Happiness is an inside job. Don’t assign anyone else that much power over your life. ~Mandy Hale

9.
Storms make trees take deeper roots. ~Dolly Parton

10.
Show me your friends and I'll show you your future. - Unknown

11.

“People won't remember you if you become the CEO of a great company or work for Google. They would remember you if you do something for them. People would forget the big CEOs of today after 20–30 years, but people would always remember Nelson Mandela and Mahatma Gandhi, as they thought of something bigger than themselves.”

11.

“He knows so little and accomplishes so much,” Robert McFarlane, the third of President Reagan’s six national security advisors, once marveled of his boss.

13.“I have never in my life learned anything from any man who agreed with me.” – Dudley Field Malone

14.

“You must make peace with the fact that you can’t have it all.”

15.

“It’s that easy, you don’t find time, you make it.”

16.

Never put off till tomorrow what may be done day after tomorrow just as well. – Mark Twain it

17.

Thoreau wrote, ‘Goodness is the only investment that never fails.’”

18."Men acquire a particular quality by constantly acting a certain way”. - Aristotle

19.Don't trust too much.

Don't love too much.

Don't hope too much.

Because that too much can hurt you so much. - Budha

20. If you want the ultimate, you must be willing to pay the ultimate price.

21.Don't push your relationship with a person too hard, if its meant to be then it will happen.

22.

quote from GE’s CEO Jack Welsh that I like to remember.

“Change before you have to!”

23.The greatest pleasure people can feel is giving happiness to others.

24. Have a go get it attitude you will achieve it all.

25.

When life hits you hard over the rope, smile at it right in it's eye and strike back with a deadly Yorker.

Be like Malinga

26.

Steve Jobs - “Remembering that I’ll be dead soon is the most important tool I’ve ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything — all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure — these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.”

Making Of Desktop Shortcuts

Making Of Desktop Shortcuts In Windows 10

For Desktop Apps 

It is easier to use a laptop or pc operating on Windows 10 if you have shortcuts right on your desktop screen. The most time is saved if you have your most used apps right in front of you in even case when someone is a daily user of those apps or is the writer or programmer or software engineer.

1.  Click on Windows icon and start open menu will open
2.  Tap into the Cortona box and type Command Prompt
3.  Type ''explorer shell:Appsfolder'' and press Enter 
4.  Right-click on app of which shortcut you want to create
5.  Select Create Shortcut
6.  Select Yes
7.  and tadana you have your shortcut

IIT JAM SYLLABUS MSc. BIOTECHONOLOGY

SYLLABUS OF MSc. ENTRANCE EXAMS

The most probable syllabus for MSc Entrance Exams held in India for Biotechnology. As I get to know more I will be further updating the syllabus provided here.

A. BIOLOGY/ LIFE SCIENCES: 

1. Cell and Molecular Biology:

• The cell as the basic unit of life
• Cell organelles
• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, viruses
• The organization of genetic material
• DNA, RNA: types
• Prokaryotic And eukaryotic transcription and translation
• Replication
• Respiration: aerobic and anaerobic
• Cell locomotion (cilia flagella and amoeboid)
• Cell division ( amitosis, mitosis, meiosis) and cell cycle
• Cancer
• Cell senescence and death: apoptosis
• The interaction between cells and their environment
• Biomembranes

2.   Biochemistry

• Water: properties
• Biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
• Transport across cell membrane
• Signal transduction and cell signaling
• Enzymes: definition, properties, nomenclature and classification, kinetics
• Enzymes: regulation, inhibition
• Acids, bases, and solution
• Hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups in biological molecules
• Non-covalent and intermolecular forces determining the 3D folding pattern of biomolecules
• Comparison of biochemical reactions with ordinary reactions
• Peptidoglycans, polysaccharides and membrane lipids
• Haemoglobin, cytochromes

3.    Biotech Techniques and Instrumentation:

• Spectroscopy: Beer Lambert’s Law
• Quantitative estimation of DNA, RNA, carbohydrates, and proteins
• Microscopy: Light (simple), electron, phase contrast, and fluorescence
• Chromatography: TLC, HPLC, and paper
• Centrifugation: types, principle, density gradient, and differential centrifugation, applications
• Electrophoresis: paper and SDS-PAGE
• Autoradiography
• Basic cytological techniques: squash, fixation, dehydration, embedding, and staining of tissues
• Anionic and cationic dyes, chromatophores, auxochromes and mordants
• Physiochemical examination of water
• Estimation of BOD, COD
• Enzyme biotechnology

4.   Microbiology: Classification, Nutrition, Microbial Diseases:

• Media preparation and sterilization
• Aseptic cleaning of glassware
• Maintenance and preservation of cultures
• Isolation and purification of  microorganisms from air, water, soil
• Culture from body fluids: urine, sputum, blood
• Isolation of phages from nature
• Microbial growth
• Bacterial growth in batch culture, exponential growth, generation time, growth curve parameters, growth inhibitors
• Methods of cell counting: fresh and dry weight determination
• Antibiotic sensitivity of microorganisms; use of antibiotic discs
• The concept of microbial species, strains, and characterization, the naming of species, strains
• Taxonomy: a phylogenetic approach, numerical taxonomy
• New approaches to bacterial taxonomy: base composition of DNA: determination and significance
• Nutritional classification of microorganisms
• Microbial metabolism: common microbial fermentation
• Primary metabolites: Vit B12, citric acid, ethanol production
• Secondary metabolites: toxins, antibiotics (penicillin)
• Microbial biomass: production of yeast biomass and mushroom culture, algal biomass, SCP
• Metabolic pathways in microorganisms: glycolysis, EDP, PPP
• Anaerobic respiration
• Oxidation of inorganic molecules by bacteria
• Microbial flora of healthy human host: origin and characteristics of normal flora, germ-free and gnotobiotic life, the effect of  antimicrobial agents
• Distribution and occurrence of normal flora in the human body
• Process of infection
• Microbial virulence factors
• Bacterial and viral diseases: diphtheria, cholera, typhoid, syphilis, polio, hepatitis, AIDS
• Fungal diseases: dermatophytosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis
• Microbial biodiversity: microbes in extreme environment and their use
• The cell surface of gram + and –
• Serotypes wrt Salmonella
• Identification of isolated bacteria. Gram staining and other staining methods
• Metabolic characterization- IMViC test
• 5. Genetics 
• Heredity and variation, sources of variation, genotype, phenotype, and environmental variation.
• Transcription, translation, replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Operon model
• DNA, RNA, nucleosome
• Chromosomes- structure, types according to centromere position
• Types of chromosomes- lampbrush, salivary gland chromosome
• Nucleocytoplasmic interaction wrt Acetabularia
• Gene linkage: kinds, theories of linkage
• The significance of linkage, mechanism
• Sex chromosome: mechanism of sex determination
• Sex-linked inheritance: hemophilia, color blindness
• HGP, human karyotype
• Common genetic diseases- sickle cell anemia,  thalassemia, albinism, alcaptonuria
• Multiple alleles, blood groups
• Mutation: structural and numerical changes
• Mutation: types, causes, mutagens
• Split genes, overlapping genes, pseudogenes
• Genetic code: characteristics
• Cytoplasmic inheritance: maternal effect
• Population genetics: Hardy Weinberg Law, gene and genotypic frequency
• Bacterial recombination: transformation, conjugation
• Isolation of auxotrophs, the replica plating technique
• Analysis of mutation in biochemical pathways
• One gene one enzyme hypothesis
• Gene expression in yeast, cell cycle regulating genes
• Phenotypic and genotypic changes in response to environmental alterations

6.  Genetic Engineering:

• Basic principles
• Selection and isolation of genes to be cloned
• Enzymes used in genetic engineering
• Vectors
• Genomic library, cDNA library (construction and screening)
• Identification of recombinant clones
• Cloning, PCR
• Molecular markers
• Methods of gene transfer

• Applications of genetic engineering: (a) in medicine and pharmaceuticals: somatostatin, somatotropin, insulin, interferon, clotting factor VIII, interleukin, TPA, recombinant vaccine, diagnostic reagents: DNA probe, MABs, gene therapy, edible vaccines, DNA fingerprinting (b) In agriculture: viral resistance, pesticide resistance, increasing nutritional value, prevention of frost damage, prevention of fruit softening, manipulation of livestock

• Human Genome Project
• Biosafety guidelines
• Intellectual property rights

7.   Biostatistics and Bioinformatics:

• Measurement of central tendency: mean, mode, median
• Measurement of deviation, dispersion: standard deviation and standard error
• Probability
• T-test and chi-square test
• Introduction to bioinformatics
• Genomics, proteomics
• Biological databases
• Sequence homology
• Sequences analysis tools, uses of BLAST and FASTA
• Emerging areas of bioinformatics
• Software in bioinformatics

8.  Ecology and Evolution: 

• Ecology: ecosystems
• Environment
• Plant communities
• Biogeochemical cycles
• Population ecology
• Environment pollution
• Pollution control measures
• Biodiversity
• Conservation of natural resources
• Evolution: theories
• Role of variation
• Adaptation
• Speciation
• Isolation and process of evolution

9.    Environmental Biotechnology:

• Pollution control: uses of microorganisms
• Environment and energy: renewable resources of the environment
• Fuels from microorganisms: methane, methanol, biogas
• Solid waste management
• Treatment of municipal wastes and industrial effluents
• Bioleaching
• Restoration of degraded lands
• Bioremediation
• Stress tolerant plants
• Nitrogen fixation
• Biofertilizers

10.  Plant Biotechnology:

• Plant tissue culture techniques
• Micropropagation
• Somatic embryogenesis
• Protoplast fusion, isolation, and culture
• Somatic hybridization
• Cryopreservation
• Artificial seeds
• Somaclonal variations

11.  Animal Biotechnology:

• Animal tissue culture
• Animal cell products
• Animal cell lines
• Transgenic animals

12.  Animal Physiology:

• Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
• Physiology of digestion,
• Respiration,
• Excretion, osmoregulation,
• Circulation
• muscle contraction
• A nerve impulse, thermoregulation
• Endocrine glands
• Reproduction in animals

13.  Immunology:

• Innate and acquired immunity
• Active and passive immunity
• Types of antigens and antibodies
• Lymphocyte Homing
• Antigen-antibody reactions
• Monoclonal antibodies
• Hybridoma technology
• Immunodiffusion
• ELISA
• Hypersensitivity
• Autoimmune diseases
• Immunological disorders

14.  Plant Physiology:

• Plant water relations
• Mineral nutrition
• Translocation of organic substances
• Photosynthesis
• Respiration
• Growth and development
• Photoperiodism
• Dormancy
• Vernalization
• Senescence
• Nitrogen and fat metabolism

B. CHEMISTRY:

1. Physical Chemistry

• Gaseous state
• Liquid state
• Colloidal state
• Solid state
• Ionic solids
• Chemical kinetics, theories
• Adsorption and catalysis
• Thermodynamics
• Chemical equilibrium
• Electrochemistry
• Phase equilibrium

2.    Inorganic Chemistry:

• Atomic structure
• Periodic properties
• Chemical bonding
• Ionic bonding
• S block elements
• P block elements
• Chemistry of noble gases
• Chemistry of 1st transition elements
• Chemistry of 2nd  and 3rd transition series
• Chemistry of lanthanides and actinides
• Coordination compounds
• Acids and Bases
• Non-aqueous solvents
• Oxidation and reduction
• Analytical chemistry

3.    Organic Chemistry:

• Structure and bonding
• Mechanism of organic reactions
• Stereochemistry of organic reactions
• Alkanes and cycloalkanes
• Arenes and cycloalkenes
• Dienes and alkynes
• Alkyl halides
• Aryl halides
• Spectroscopy: absorption and emission
• Alcohols
• Phenols
• Aldehydes and ketones
• Ethers and epoxides
• Carboxylic acids
• Carboxylic acid derivatives
• Organic compounds of nitrogen
• Amines

C. PHYSICS: 

• Physical world and measurement
• 1-dimensional motion
• 2-dimensional motion
• Circular motion
• Newton’s laws of motion
• Friction
• Work, power, and energy
• Rotational motion
• Simple harmonic motion
• Waves
• Thermodynamics
• Heat
• Viscosity
• Surface tension
• Electrostatics
• Electricity
• Heating effects of current
• Magnetic effects of current
• Magnetism
• Modern physics: atomic structure
• Wave Optics
• Ray optics
• Semiconductors and P-N junction

This year IIT JAM 2019 was conducted by IIT KHARAGPUR and the syllabi provided on the website for Biotechnology (BT) is http://jam.iitkgp.ac.in/?id=p&n=402

Inspirational Quotes:

“You need to go from wanting to change your life to deciding to change your life” - Jen Sincero.